Over the past three years, the United States, Europe, and other Western allies have been unexpectedly successful at maintaining a unified, coherent, and effective policy to block Russian assertiveness. This is true even though proximity, intense interests, and the decision by Europe and the United States to rule out direct use of military force would appear to give Russia a decisive strategic advantage. While NATO deterrence remains an important background condition for Western success, the United States and Europe have employed primarily non-military policy instruments. Most important have been economic assistance to Ukraine, sanctions on Russia, diplomatic engagement, and, in …read more
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